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Master Human Physiology for NEET with comprehensive notes covering all 7 chapters. Diagrams, tables, and high-yield points for guaranteed 14-16 questions.
5 points to remember for NEET
Human Physiology is the highest-weightage unit in NEET Biology. With 7 chapters contributing 14-16 questions every year, mastering this unit alone can secure 56-64 marks. This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know.
| Factor | Details |
|---|---|
| Total Questions | 14-16 every year |
| Total Marks | 56-64 (out of 360) |
| Difficulty | Easy to Moderate |
| Question Type | Factual + Diagram-based |
| NCERT Dependency | 95% questions from NCERT |
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Expected Questions | 2-3 |
| Key Topics | GI tract, Enzymes, Absorption |
| Diagram Focus | Digestive system, Tooth structure |
Alimentary Canal Components:
| Organ | Function | Key Enzymes/Secretions |
|---|---|---|
| Mouth | Mastication, Initial digestion | Salivary amylase (ptyalin) |
| Pharynx | Swallowing | - |
| Oesophagus | Peristalsis | - |
| Stomach | Protein digestion | HCl, Pepsin, Rennin |
| Small Intestine | Major digestion & absorption | Many enzymes |
| Large Intestine | Water absorption | - |
Salivary Glands:
Gastric Glands:
| Cell Type | Secretion | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Mucous cells | Mucus | Protection |
| Chief cells | Pepsinogen | Protein digestion |
| Parietal cells | HCl, Intrinsic factor | Activation, B12 absorption |
| G cells | Gastrin | Stimulates secretion |
Pancreatic Enzymes:
Intestinal Enzymes (Brush Border):
| Enzyme | Substrate | Product |
|---|---|---|
| Maltase | Maltose | Glucose |
| Sucrase | Sucrose | Glucose + Fructose |
| Lactase | Lactose | Glucose + Galactose |
| Aminopeptidases | Peptides | Amino acids |
| Nucleotidases | Nucleotides | Nucleosides |
| Nutrient | Site | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Glucose | Small intestine | Na+ cotransport |
| Amino acids | Small intestine | Active transport |
| Fatty acids | Small intestine | Micelle formation |
| Water | Large intestine | Osmosis |
| Vitamin B12 | Ileum | Intrinsic factor |
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Expected Questions | 2-3 |
| Key Topics | Respiratory volumes, Gas transport |
| Diagram Focus | Respiratory system, Oxygen dissociation curve |
Conducting Zone (No gas exchange):
Respiratory Zone (Gas exchange):
| Parameter | Definition | Normal Value |
|---|---|---|
| Tidal Volume (TV) | Normal breath | 500 mL |
| Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) | Extra inspiration | 2500-3000 mL |
| Expiratory Reserve (ERV) | Extra expiration | 1000-1100 mL |
| Residual Volume (RV) | Always in lungs | 1100-1200 mL |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | TV + IRV + ERV | 3500-4500 mL |
| Total Lung Capacity | VC + RV | 5000-6000 mL |
Oxygen Transport:
Factors Shifting O2 Dissociation Curve:
| Right Shift (↓ affinity) | Left Shift (↑ affinity) |
|---|---|
| ↑ PCO2 | ↓ PCO2 |
| ↑ H+ (↓ pH) | ↓ H+ (↑ pH) |
| ↑ Temperature | ↓ Temperature |
| ↑ 2,3-DPG | ↓ 2,3-DPG |
CO2 Transport:
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Expected Questions | 3-4 |
| Key Topics | Blood, Heart, ECG, Blood groups |
| Diagram Focus | Heart structure, Cardiac cycle |
Plasma (55%):
Formed Elements (45%):
| Cell Type | Count | Function | Lifespan |
|---|---|---|---|
| RBC | 5-5.5 million/mm³ | O2 transport | 120 days |
| WBC | 6000-8000/mm³ | Immunity | Variable |
| Platelets | 1.5-3.5 lakh/mm³ | Clotting | 5-9 days |
WBC Types (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas):
Chambers:
Valves:
| Valve | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Tricuspid | Right AV | 3 cusps |
| Bicuspid/Mitral | Left AV | 2 cusps |
| Pulmonary | Right ventricle outlet | Semilunar |
| Aortic | Left ventricle outlet | Semilunar |
| Phase | Duration | Events |
|---|---|---|
| Atrial systole | 0.1 s | Atria contract, blood to ventricles |
| Ventricular systole | 0.3 s | Ventricles contract, blood to arteries |
| Joint diastole | 0.4 s | All chambers relax |
Key Values:
| Wave | Represents |
|---|---|
| P wave | Atrial depolarization |
| QRS complex | Ventricular depolarization |
| T wave | Ventricular repolarization |
ABO System:
| Blood Group | Antigen | Antibody | Can Donate To | Can Receive From |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | A | Anti-B | A, AB | A, O |
| B | B | Anti-A | B, AB | B, O |
| AB | A, B | None | AB | All (Universal recipient) |
| O | None | Anti-A, Anti-B | All (Universal donor) | O |
Rh Factor:
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Expected Questions | 2-3 |
| Key Topics | Nephron, Urine formation, Regulation |
| Diagram Focus | Nephron structure, Kidney section |
Parts of Nephron:
| Part | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Bowman's capsule | Cortex | Filtration |
| PCT | Cortex | Reabsorption (most) |
| Loop of Henle | Medulla | Concentration |
| DCT | Cortex | Selective reabsorption |
| Collecting duct | Medulla | Final concentration |
1. Glomerular Filtration:
2. Tubular Reabsorption:
| Substance | Site | % Reabsorbed |
|---|---|---|
| Glucose | PCT | 100% |
| Na+ | PCT, DCT | 99% |
| Water | PCT, DCT, CD | 99% |
| Urea | PCT | 50% |
3. Tubular Secretion:
Hormonal Regulation:
| Hormone | Source | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| ADH | Posterior pituitary | ↑ Water reabsorption |
| Aldosterone | Adrenal cortex | ↑ Na+ reabsorption |
| ANF | Heart | ↑ Na+ excretion |
JG Apparatus:
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Expected Questions | 2-3 |
| Key Topics | Muscle types, Skeleton, Joints |
| Diagram Focus | Sarcomere, Joint types |
| Type | Location | Features | Control |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skeletal | Attached to bones | Striated, multinucleate | Voluntary |
| Cardiac | Heart | Striated, branched | Involuntary |
| Smooth | Viscera, blood vessels | Non-striated | Involuntary |
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Sarcomere - Functional Unit:
| Band/Line | Composition |
|---|---|
| A band (dark) | Myosin + overlapping actin |
| I band (light) | Actin only |
| H zone | Myosin only |
| Z line | Actin attachment |
| M line | Myosin center |
Total Bones: 206
| Region | Number of Bones |
|---|---|
| Skull | 22 (8 cranial + 14 facial) |
| Vertebral column | 26 (7C + 12T + 5L + 1S + 1C) |
| Thoracic cage | 25 (24 ribs + 1 sternum) |
| Upper limbs | 60 (30 × 2) |
| Lower limbs | 60 (30 × 2) |
| Pelvic girdle | 2 |
| Pectoral girdle | 4 |
| Type | Movement | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Fibrous | None | Skull sutures |
| Cartilaginous | Limited | Vertebrae |
| Synovial | Free | Knee, elbow |
Synovial Joint Types:
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Expected Questions | 3-4 |
| Key Topics | Brain, Reflex arc, Sensory organs |
| Diagram Focus | Brain parts, Eye, Ear |
Parts and Functions:
| Part | Functions |
|---|---|
| Cerebrum | Intelligence, memory, reasoning, speech |
| Cerebellum | Balance, coordination, posture |
| Medulla | Vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate) |
| Pons | Relay, sleep regulation |
| Hypothalamus | Temperature, hunger, thirst, hormones |
| Thalamus | Sensory relay station |
Cerebral Lobes:
| Lobe | Function |
|---|---|
| Frontal | Motor, personality, speech |
| Parietal | Sensory, spatial awareness |
| Temporal | Hearing, memory |
| Occipital | Vision |
Types:
Parts:
Receptor → Sensory neuron → CNS → Motor neuron → Effector
Types:
| Part | Function |
|---|---|
| Cornea | Light refraction |
| Iris | Controls light entry |
| Lens | Focusing (accommodation) |
| Retina | Contains photoreceptors |
| Rods | Dim light, black/white |
| Cones | Bright light, color |
| Fovea | Maximum visual acuity |
| Optic nerve | Transmits signals |
Parts:
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Expected Questions | 2-3 |
| Key Topics | Endocrine glands, Hormones |
| Diagram Focus | Location of glands |
| Gland | Hormone | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothalamus | Releasing/Inhibiting hormones | Controls pituitary |
| Anterior Pituitary | GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin | Master gland |
| Posterior Pituitary | ADH, Oxytocin | Water balance, labor |
| Thyroid | T3, T4, Calcitonin | Metabolism, Ca2+ |
| Parathyroid | PTH | ↑ Blood Ca2+ |
| Adrenal Cortex | Cortisol, Aldosterone | Stress, electrolytes |
| Adrenal Medulla | Adrenaline, Noradrenaline | Fight or flight |
| Pancreas | Insulin, Glucagon | Blood glucose |
| Ovaries | Estrogen, Progesterone | Female development |
| Testes | Testosterone | Male development |
Negative Feedback:
Positive Feedback:
| Disorder | Cause | Symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | Insulin deficiency | High blood sugar |
| Hypothyroidism | Low T3/T4 | Cretinism, Myxedema |
| Hyperthyroidism | High T3/T4 | Graves' disease |
| Acromegaly | GH excess (adult) | Enlarged extremities |
| Gigantism | GH excess (child) | Excessive height |
| Dwarfism | GH deficiency | Short stature |
| Addison's disease | Adrenal insufficiency | Weakness, low BP |
| Cushing's syndrome | Cortisol excess | Moon face, obesity |
| Enzyme | Source | Substrate | Product |
|---|---|---|---|
| Salivary amylase | Saliva | Starch | Maltose |
| Pepsin | Stomach | Proteins | Peptides |
| Trypsin | Pancreas | Proteins | Peptides |
| Lipase | Pancreas | Fats | Fatty acids + Glycerol |
| Maltase | Intestine | Maltose | Glucose |
| Lactase | Intestine | Lactose | Glucose + Galactose |
| Hormone | Source | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin | β-cells | ↓ Blood glucose |
| Glucagon | α-cells | ↑ Blood glucose |
| ADH | Posterior pituitary | ↑ Water reabsorption |
| Aldosterone | Adrenal cortex | ↑ Na+ retention |
| PTH | Parathyroid | ↑ Blood Ca2+ |
| Calcitonin | Thyroid | ↓ Blood Ca2+ |
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Dr. Shekhar C. Singh
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